Canada’s federal government moved to create its own definition of “forest degradation” days after the European Union passed a law restricting the import of products linked to the practice.
The new EU law will require wood products imported from Canadian forests — as well as anywhere else in the world — to be marked with geographic coordinates showing where they were harvested. Companies will then be required to combine that with satellite data and show their operations did not contribute to deforestation or forest degradation from 2021 onward.
Last year, those measures prompted Canada's ambassador to the EU to lobby lawmakers into adjusting the bill to exclude requirements around forest degradation. But those efforts failed, and in December, the law passed. Once the rules are in force — likely sometime in June 2023 — big companies will have 18 months to get into line.
Canada's lobbying record, as well as its quick pivot to redefine forest degradation, has worried some environmental groups, who say a new definition could function as a loophole to sell the country’s wood products to the EU and any other jurisdiction that follows in its foot steps.
“It certainly raises eyebrows that this is coming so closely on the heels of the EU law when Canada is finally being held accountable for the impacts of its logging practices,” said Jennifer Skene, the natural climate solutions policy manager for the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC).
Skene said Canada has “clung to a narrative” that its forestry sector is sustainable and in line with its climate and biodiversity targets. She said the EU law challenges that idea.
“This is the first major threat to that long-standing myth,” Skene said.
A cedar tree downed in the Nahmint Valley near Port Alberni. TJ Watt/Ancient Forest Alliance
Home to almost 10 per cent of the planet's forests, Canada is the largest net exporter of wood products in the world. But over the last two decades, the country has lost more than 19.6 million hectares of primary forest, the third highest rate of intact forest loss in the world after Brazil and Russia, according to Global Forest Watch.
Much of that is due to wildfire or beetle infestations. But in many provinces, logging, oil and gas exploration, and other human pressures have degraded forests so much that they no longer provide the habitat many animals need to survive.
“The way that we're doing logging in Canada right now is leading to species decline, which obviously, in and of itself means that it's not sustainable,” said Rachel Plotkin, the boreal forest manager for the David Suzuki Foundation.
“It's changing the natural composition of forests.”
A murky definition
Since the end of the last ice age, a third of the Earth's forests have disappeared. Much of that loss has been driven by deforestation — when humans raze a forest to make way for some other use. Clearing trees to put up a parking lot or golf course counts. So does a landowner cutting down a forest to build a housing development.
Today, deforestation tends to be concentrated in sub-tropical forests and remains largely driven by expanding agriculture. From space and on the ground, it's relatively easy to measure how much Indonesian and Brazilian jungle is razed to make way for vast swathes of farmland.
“Forest degradation,” on the other hand, captures a spectrum of destruction — from wildfires and mountain pine beetle infestations to human disturbances.
As long as trees are replanted, logging primary forests at an industrial scale doesn't count as deforestation. But most international bodies agree that it would lead to forest degradation.
In Canada, logging companies are required to replant trees after a forest is cut. The “sustained yield” model, as it’s known, has long framed Canadian forestry as an endlessly renewable resource. But that logic has been increasingly questioned in recent years as many species that rely on the forest are pushed closer to extinction.
Earlier this year, Canada's environment minister said he would issue an emergency order to protect 2,500 hectares of old-growth forest in B.C.'s Fraser Canyon. Logging operations, an analysis found, posed an imminent threat to the habitat of Canada's last northern spotted owl born in the wild.
Another recent analysis found more than half of B.C.'s most threatened old-growth forests are still open to logging despite government promises to protect them.
Logging activities in an Ontario boreal forest feed Domtar's Dryden pulp mill, a company bought out by B.C.-headquartered Paper Excellence in 2021. River Jordan for NRDC
Vast networks of logging roads combined with fossil fuel operations have carved up forest habitat into fragments. That has helped push endangered caribou populations — an umbrella species whose health mirrors the wider ecosystem — closer to extinction across seven provinces, said Plotkin, who has spent years tracking the health of boreal forest ecosystems.
“If you're driving wildlife decline, then you can't possibly say that you're truly sustainable,” she said. “That's a huge litmus test.”
The sustainability claims of Canada's forestry sector faces credibility tests on multiple fronts. In January, Canada's Competition Bureau launched an investigation into the country's largest forest certification program, the Sustainable Forestry Initiative, over claims it failed to live up to its sustainable claims and engaged in false advertising.
The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) — another more rigorous forest certification program — has shrunk its footprint in Canada in recent years. Since 2020, roughly 5.5 million hectares of forests in Ontario and Quebec have lost sustainability certifications after FSC Canada found three logging companies had degraded them so much that caribou populations were beyond the point of no return.
FSC Canada’s François Dufresne called the EU law restricting unsustainable forestry products a “wake-up call” for Canada that could pose a risk to its forestry exports.
“We've lost ground recently,” he said.
The Forest Products Association of Canada, an industry group representing wood product producers, said it was not available for comment.
Deforestation vastly undercounted in Canada, suggests study
In some cases, the line between deforestation and forest degradation has become increasingly blurred.
Since 2019, researchers at Wildlands League have released a series of reports investigating 300 historical cut blocks across Ontario. In many of the disturbed areas, where soil had been torn up or compressed to build roads or landings, they found trees never grew back decades after logging had ended.
The net effect, according to the group, is that logging operations have led to 21,700 hectares of deforestation in Ontario alone. That’s about seven times more deforestation than the government of Canada reports for the entire country every year, according to the authors.
“You can see the same legacy across the country,” said Janet Sumner, the group's executive director. “There’s de-facto deforestation going on as a legacy of tree farming.”
As deforestation goes uncounted in Canada, Sumner says cutting B.C.'s ancient trees and calling it “forest degradation” misses the point.
“If it were sustainable, you wouldn’t be running out of old growth,” Sumner said. “I don’t know how you can claim that will come back on any realistic timescale.”
“Right now, we’re hiding behind a definition.”
An old-growth tree rolling down a B.C. highway captured the attention of thousands of people around the world after a Nanaimo woman snapped a photo on her way to the grocery store in May 2021. It came amid protests against logging in Fairy Creek, which led to the largest act of civil disobedience in Canadian history. Submitted by Lorna Beecroft
Process to launch domestic definition ramped up two days after EU law passed
Two days after the EU passed its December 2022 law restricting the import of products linked to deforestation and forest degradation, emails seen by Glacier Media show the assistant deputy minister of Natural Resources Canada sent an invitation to nine environmental groups asking them to “exchange views” on how to define forest degradation.
Nature Canada’s Michael Polanyi, who attended two meetings since then, said the conversations raised concerns economic interests might be used to water down a scientific definition of forest degradation.
“Don't try and come up with a definition that says, 'Well, there's no net forest degradation taking place because the economic benefits, the job benefits outweigh the harm being done to biodiversity,'” Polanyi said.
A letter sent to the co-chairs of the Canadian Council of Forest Ministers’ Definitions Task Team, warned the process to define forest degradation was moving too fast, and included too few Indigenous groups and representatives from Environment and Climate Change Canada.
Using terms like “sustainable forest management” to define forest degradation “blurs the lines between science and policy,” warned the letter, which was signed by Polanyi and representatives from seven other environmental groups.
Other environmental groups who took part in the government talks declined to sign the letter. Some said they were hopeful a new definition of forest degradation could overhaul the most destructive elements the Canadian logging sector.
“It's pivotal,” said Plotkin. “It could be the card that forces our hand in taking an honest look at our current logging practices and making the significant and systemic changes that are needed.”
Of B.C.’s 53 caribou herds, half are shrinking or have disappeared entirely.
In May, the Canadian Council of Forest Ministers (CCFM) held “constructive discussions on elements of a definition” of forest degradation, said Barre Campbell, Natural Resources Canada spokesperson. So far, Campbell said CCFM has spoken to industry, environmental groups, academics, and certification bodies on what the definition should mean.
Shortly after, signs emerged not everyone involved in that process was happy with the way it was going. The David Suzuki Foundation released an open letter criticizing the CCFM of upholding the status quo and “perpetuating the myth that Canadian forestry practices are already sustainable.”
“If that were true, boreal woodland caribou wouldn’t be threatened with extinction throughout Canada,” said the group.
Canada's pattern of overseas forestry lobbying
Skene said she worries that creating a domestic definition of forest degradation will follow in the footsteps of a wider international lobbying effort by Canada.
In the lead up to the signing of the EU law, Canadian ambassador to the EU Ailish Campbell sent a letter to members of the European parliament saying proposed regulations would add “burdensome traceability requirements” and risk $1 billion in forestry and agricultural exports.
Letters seen by Glacier Media also show several politicians lobbying senators in New York and California to remove the word “boreal” from proposed bills initially written to limit the import of wood products linked to deforestation or forest degradation.
In both cases, the lobbying appears to have been successful. California Governor Gavin Newsom vetoed the California bill, but not before Canada had succeeded in getting it amended. And in New York, the bill is now passing through that state’s legislative process without reference to “boreal” forests.
Mount Freda, near Powell River, was logged in 2020. A survey later found yellow cedar and mountain hemlock tree rings ranging from 700 to 1,200 years old, much older than the province had classified them. Robin Munshaw
But the EU law passed without the amendments Canada was looking for. Skene said the law is specific enough that Canada is getting “increasingly boxed in to the science.”
To date, Canadian forestry exports have not been affected by the EU law, but that could change in the coming months as the continent moves to enact it, according to a senior official with Canadian Forest Service, who spoke to Glacier Media on background.
Canada among a world looking to define forest degradation
In 2021, 144 leaders from around the world signed the Glasgow Leaders Declaration on Forest and Land Use, and in so doing, agreed to halt and reverse forest loss and land degradation by 2030. That agreement was further bolstered when last fall, more than 100 countries committed to protect 30 per cent of their land base by 2030.
The problem, said James Snider, WWF-Canada’s vice-president of science, knowledge and innovation, is that without a clear definition of forest degradation, it becomes impossible to measure progress or failure.
“This question of degradation has been looming large on the horizon for the forest industry here for quite some time,” Snider said.
A holistic definition of forest degradation must include the composition of species, the age of the forest and how well animals can move through it before running into a cut block, said Snider.
Then scientists and policymakers need to agree on some basic limits: where does a forest begin and end? Over how many years should you measure degradation? And what ecosystem services should get counted?
Finally, said Snider, you have to figure out how to effectively measure every indicator on a regular basis across a country the size of Canada, which currently has more than 4,000 provincial and territorial forest types.
“It’s complicated,” Snider said. “[But] we don't have seven years to argue about what the definition is.”
A simplified look at Canada's forests still reveals eight distinct regions, though individual provinces break down forests into thousands of sub-types. Natural Resources Canada
The federal government says it is working to merge those forest types into a national classification system.
For Sumner, better data is the linchpin that will allow Canadians to understand the state of their forests. That, she said, will require both hard work by scientists in the field and a commitment to better satellite technology.
Currently, satellite imaging usually measures forest cover in 40-metre pixels — like “looking through Coke-bottle lenses,” as Sumner puts it.
Getting that resolution down to under five metres — and then using artificial intelligence to process all that information — would shine a spotlight on Canada’s forests and offer hard numbers that would be hard to refute.
“We need to start measuring if we want to know the state of Canadian forests,” Sumner said.
No European response
It’s not clear how EU officials are receiving Canada’s move to create its own definition of forest degradation.
Environmental groups have sent letters to Florika Fink-Hooijer, Director-General of the Environment Department of the European Commission, expressing their concern. But Fink-Hooijer’s office turned down Glacier Media’s request for an interview.
In May, Natural Resources Minister Jonathan Wilkinson told the Fredericton Chamber of Commerce that the EU law was pushing provinces to confront forest degradation in Canada. Adapting to the new law could require “monitoring and verifying, and changing practices” to ensure markets aren’t closed to Canada's forestry exports, he said.
A truck unloads logs near Powell River, B.C. Robin Munshaw
In an interview with Glacier Media, Wilkinson added the push to define forest degradation in Canada was about “doing the right thing from an environmental perspective as we continue to manage our forests.”
The minister also described the move as “a defensive measure for Canada to be able to have a good engagement with the European Union” and to show the continent's leaders Canada's “good forestry practices” and how it intends to improve them.
Nearly 178,000 jobs and $42 billion in annual forestry exports are at stake. But those immense economic benefits are increasingly getting weighed against two other unwavering realities — in a global rush to head off an extinction crisis and the gathering effects of climate change, healthy forests will be essential.
“We're asking that big societal question,” Snider said. “Is it possible to do all three of those things at the same time?”
